不同种植方式下温度升高对水稻产量及同化物转运的影响

【目的】气候变暖对水稻生产系统的影响备受关注,研究不同种植方式下,水稻产量及其形成对气候变化的响应规律,为水稻种植区划、栽培措施和品种调整提供依据。【方法】 2017—2018年以南粳9108和南粳46为供试品种,模拟机插秧移栽和机械化直播2种种植方式,以常温（NT）为对照,于始穗期进行中度升温（平均增加2℃,MT）和极端高温胁迫（平均增加5℃,HT）,研究不同种植方式下温度升高对不同水稻品种的产量及其构成、同化物转运、光合生产特性的影响。【结果】在中度升温和极端高温胁迫下,南粳9108和南粳46产量降幅均为移栽<直播,长生育期品种南粳46产量降幅较小。穗干物重增长速率表现为NT>MT>HT,水稻茎叶向穗的干物质转运量、转运率均随着温度升高而递减,且南粳9108下降趋势大于南粳46。穗后21 d至成熟期,剑叶SPAD值总体随着温度的升高而增加,差异达极显著水平;剑叶净光合速率穗后14—21 d均以极端高温胁迫处理下最小,而到穗后35 d以极端高温胁迫处理下最大。剑叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈NT>MT>HT趋势,生育后期差异更显著。通径分析表明,产量各构成因子对产量的影响程度为结实率>千粒重>穗数>每穗粒数,温度处理对产量各构成因子的影响都表现为负效应,且以结实率影响最大（-0.819）。相关分析表明,不同种植方式下受中度升温、极端高温胁迫后,成熟期干物质总重量、茎叶干物质转运量与产量构成因子（穗数除外）,一、二次枝梗籽粒结实率都呈极显著正相关。【结论】始穗期2—5℃升温均显著降低粳稻结实率,从而导致水稻产量降低。从光合物质特性究其原因是由于温度升高降低了干物质向穗的转运率和穗干物质积累速率,从而导致生育后期水稻剑叶SPAD值增加,延长叶片持绿时间,抑制“源”向“库”转移。从气候变暖应对措施来看,选择采用移栽种植方式和长生育期品种易于表现出对极端高温胁迫逆境较好的抗性。     

灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain~(–1))的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大于单一高温或高氮处理,但在高氮水平下由高温引起稻米醇溶蛋白含量的下降幅度却小于其低氮对照,有利于稻米醇溶蛋白含量在不同温度处理下的相对稳定。     

红树莓果酒的酿造工艺研究

中国盛产小浆果,但小浆果不容易保存且季节性强,因此附加值较低,为了提高小浆果的产品附加值,本试验研究了小浆果酒的发酵工艺,并探讨了解决出汁率低,果酒单宁含量过少所导致的货架期短、挥发酸高、不易澄清等问题。试验以小浆果红树莓为原料,经破碎、酶解、澄清、发酵、过滤等工艺,制得了发酵型红树莓果酒,经过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,确定最佳的酿造工艺条件。结果表明,酶解过程采用25 g/kL EMACLAR果胶酶和25 g/kL EVZYM果胶酶低温酶解14 h,与传统方式对比,出汁率提高了10%;发酵过程,红树莓果汁初始糖度19%,利用VP5为酿酒酵母,接种量为10%,发酵温度22℃;发酵结束后使用树脂降酸,澄清过程使用30 g/100 L硅藻土、15 g/100 L明胶复合澄清的方式。在此工艺条件下得到的红树莓果酒酸度爽口,色泽清亮、均匀,有明显的树莓香气和纯正的发酵型香气。     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

严格意义的无霜期统计方法探讨

根据霜冻和无霜期对农作物生长的影响及农业气候区划的指导意义,比较无霜期与严格意义上的“无冻期”的关系和区别,分析霜冻出现的初、终日与霜、结冰现象及气温、地面温度、草面温度≤0℃出现的初日、终日之间的关系,探讨“无霜冻期”的合理统计方法,并通过对鄂东地区的麻城、浠水、黄石三地的无霜期和“无冻期”的统计,总结两者的差异和特征,从而为正确理解和统计无霜冻期,提出一套新的观点和方法,为指导农业生产和农业气候区划提供依据。     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

What can we learn by studying dead fish fry?

This study investigated the influence of temperature (4, 8 and 12°C) on development and survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry. The three aims of this study were: (a) to propose a typology of malformations; (b) to compare malformation types between live and dead fry and (c) to establish relationships between temperature and malformation occurrences. It was found 20 single malformations and 39 combinations of two or more malformations. Comparison between dead and live fry at different development stages (hatching, emergence and first food intake) showed that malformations of yolk sac were predominant at hatching and then decreased, while malformations of skeleton or multiple malformations were higher thereafter. All dead fry, and only 14% of live fry were malformed. Dead fry were mainly characterized by yolk sac malformations and multiple malformations whatever the temperature. Live fry showed a higher rate of skeleton malformations at 12°C, and the different types of malformations were equally represented at two other temperatures (4 and 8°C). To conclude, it is suggested that some malformations (yolk sac at hatching, yolk sac associated with skeleton malformations at emergence and skeleton at first food intake or combinations of malformations at all stages)might be lethal as they were founding dead fry and that temperature influences differently the occurrence of malformations.     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。     

我国蔬菜作物耐低温性研究进展

低温胁迫是蔬菜生产过程中的主要逆境因子，对蔬菜作物的生长发育、商品产量形成影响极大。本文综述了蔬菜作物耐低温性的遗传模型、生理调节和分子机制，展望了蔬菜作物耐低温性的研究前景。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对低温胁迫下茶树叶片光合及生理特性的影响

通过对陕茶1号（耐低温型）和金牡丹（低温敏感型）2个茶树品种在冬季自然低温胁迫下喷施不同浓度（0、10、30、50 mg·L^-1）的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）,探究外源ALA对低温胁迫下茶树叶片光合荧光特性及生理特性的调控作用。结果表明,适宜浓度的外源ALA对低温胁迫下茶树叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性具有促进作用,能够提高水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、儿茶素类物质、茶氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等生理活性物质含量的累积;外源ALA能够提高低温胁迫下茶树光合作用的能力并改善茶叶品质,其中50 mg·L^-1的ALA处理能有效提高陕茶1号应对低温胁迫的能力,10 mg·L^-1和30 mg·L^-1的外源ALA对金牡丹应对低温胁迫具有较好的缓解效用。